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Keywords: Balkars, ethnic adaptation, high mountain populations, demographic behavior, age of marriage, natural reproduction of the population.
The relevance of historical and demographic research is largely due to the complexity of the modern world and regional demographic processes, which have a great impact on the sustainable development of both national states and individual ethnic groups. The purpose of this article is to show the features of demographic behavior model that has developed in traditional Balkar society based on the analysis of materials of demographic statistics, ethnographic and comparative historical studies, works on the ecology and biology of high mountain populations. The scientific novelty of this study is that for the first time the historical demography of Balkaria is considered here in line with the concept of ethnic adaptation, understood as the process and result of the interaction of the factor of the natural-geographical environment (ethnic landscape) created within its framework of economic and cultural type (life support system) and population (ethnic group) with its demographic parameters (levels of fertility, mortality and nuptiality, family organization, age and sex structure, public health). The dynamics and level of demographic indicators, together with the life support system created by the Balkars, are considered by us as criteria for the ethnos to be adapted to their own, in many ways extreme, natural-geographical living environment. To achieve the stated goal, taking into account the interdisciplinary nature of this study, we used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis; such historical methods as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological; demographic methods such as methods of demographic coefficients and models. As a result of the study, the following conclusion is made: this model is the result of a long process of adaptation to the conditions of the highlands, which specifies its particular parameters and limitations of the reproductive and marital behavior of the population, which served as the basis for the sustainable existence of a small ethnic group in the conditions of extreme natural environment.
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